In my previous article, I wrote about Learning Windows Installation History. On the Windows side with a command can learn it, Linux operating systems, we can not learn it with command. However, we can access the installation information from the date of creation of the files or directories that were created when installing Linux operating systems and then never changed.
To do this, run the following commands on the console.
There may come a time when you need to disable a users login to your Linux box… without deleting there account and still allowing them to receive the email. To do this you must login as “root” and at the command prompt type:
<root@techsoftcenter>:/#"passwd -l username"
(Without the quotes of course) This will lock the users account denying them access to login. You may be thinking “well how do I unlock it now?”, well there’s a command for that too =) At the command prompt type:
An easy way to keep tabs on your system is through the program top. The top is a little app that can display the processes currently running, how much RAM, processor and how much CPU time they are taking (just like ps aux). First, let’s start off by starting it up.
[root@rd ~]# top
This should bring up a nice looking program that shows us much of what ps aux shows us but updated every second. You can change the time between updates by pressings, then typing in the seconds between updates (Note: you can use decimal numbers like 0.5). To switch to command mode display, hit c, and to sort by CPU time hit T.
The top is very useful in tracking what your resource hogs are, and what your RAM and Swap usage is. Play with it, the top’s a neat little program.
Use the following command to format Linux partitions using ext2fs on the new disk:
mkfs.ext2 /dev/hdb1
To check the disk for bad blocks (physical defects), add the -c option just before /dev/hdb1.
If the new disk will have more than one Linux partition, format the other partitions with mkfs.ext2 /dev/hdb2, mkfs.ext2 /dev/hdb3, and so on. Add the -c option if desired.
Note: With older distributions, the command mkfs -t ext2 -c /dev/hdb1 didn’t check for bad blocks under any of Red Hat, Debian or Slackware, contrary to what the man page stated. This has now been fixed.
Recently I encountered a problem when I ftped to my server, I was trying to upload a file that already existed under my username on the server, and I kept getting a 550 error. Which for you newbies out there is a file permission error, telling me that I do not have rights to write over or delete those files under my username. That made me mad, I didn’t know what was going on I thought my FTP server was messed up. Then we figured out that the problem could have been who owned the files. Surely enough, the files were owned by root instead of a pinhead which was the username I was under. If your files under your username are owned by root then that will allow your file permissions to be limited and you not to be in control of them. So how do we fix all this?